Prevalence, Risk and High Human Papilloma Virus IgM and IgG Concentration in Human Immune Deficiency positive individuals in Southwest Nigeria

Abstract

Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) are a major public health concerns among immune-compromised
individuals. There is paucity of reports in Nigeria as to their prevalence and risk among HIV positive individuals
and the antibody concentration to determine the level of infection. Methods and Findings. This study examined
797 individuals confirmed to be living with HIV using the competitive ELISA technique were screened for HPV
and the concentration of IgG and IgM determined using ELISA among which 282 (37%) males were positive to
HPV and 470 (63%) females. There was a high prevalence of HPV infection with overall of 76% and 0.6183 for the
minimum and were 0.8004 for the maximum (CL=2.5%-97.5%) using the Bayesian estimate of true prevalence.
The risk factors evaluated included alcohol intake, smoking, habit, comorbidity, sexual habit, HAART
administration, other STIs, men having sex with men (MSM) and ages. The young and mid ages has the highest
prevalence of HPV infection as well as have highest number of individuals with high concentration of IgM and
IgG. Conclusions. The high level of IgM is an indication of recent infection and the subjects may still be actively
sexually involved. High smoking index, alcohol consumption, multiple sexual partners and infection with more than 1 STI, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were implicated as risk or predisposing
factors to HPV infection in HIV patients. The high prevalence of HPV and identified risk factors among
immunocompromised individuals has serious implications for healthcare.